March 28, 2005
The extensive scope of the SPICE system's functionality includes features the average user may not expect or appreciate, features NAIF refers to as "Other Stuff." This workbook includes a set of lessons to introduce the beginning to moderate user to a several such features.
The lessons provide a brief description to several related sets of routines, associated reference documents, a programming task designed to teach the use of the routines, and an example solution to the programming problem.
This workbook includes several lessons to demonstrate use of the less
celebrated SPICE routines.
The technical complexity of the various SPICE subsystems mandates an
extensive, user-friendly documentation set. The set differs somewhat
depending on your choice of development language, FORTRAN, C, or IDL,
but provides the same information with regards to SPICE operation.
The sources for a user needing information concerning the SPICE System or other NAIF product:
NAIF Required Reading (*.req) documents introduce the functionality of
particular SPICE subsystems:
cells.req ek.req intrdctn.req problems.req ck.req ellipses.req kernel.req rotation.req cspice.req error.req naif_ids.req scanning.req daf.req frames.req pck.req sclk.req das.req icy.req planes.req sets.req spc.req spk.req symbols.req time.req windows.reqNAIF Users Guides (*.ug) describe the proper use of particular SPICE tools:
brief.ug convert.ug spacit.ug tictoc.ug chronos.ug inspekt.ug spkmerge.ug tobin.ug ckbrief.ug mkspk.ug states.ug toxfr.ug commnt.ug simple.ug subpt.ug version.ugThese text documents exist in the 'doc' directory of the main Toolkit directory:
../toolkit/doc/HTML format documentation
As of delivery N57, the SPICE distributions include HTML versions of Required Readings and Users Guides, accessible from the HTML documentation directory:
../toolkit/doc/html/index.html
All SPICELIB and CSPICE source files include usage and design
information incorporated in a comment block known as the "header."
A header consists of several marked sections:
../toolkit/src/Find the SPICELIB library source code in:
../toolkit/src/spicelib/
The source file headers contain all API documentation for the SPICELIB
package.
A set of Microsoft PowerPoint presentations provide a general overview
of the complete SPICE toolkit. Download the set at:
http://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/naif/tutorials.htmlAccess individual files in the 'office/individual_docs/' directory; an archive of all tutorial files is available in the 'office/packages/' directory.
Several workbooks use SPICE text kernels. SPICE identifies a text
kernel as an ASCII text file containing the mark-up tags the kernel
subsystem requires to identify data assignments in that file, and
"name=value" data assignments.
The subsystem uses two tags:
\begintextand
\begindatato mark information blocks within the text kernel. The \begintext tag specifies all text following the tag as comment information to be ignored by the subsystem.
Things to know:
\begintext ... commentary information on the data assignments ... \begindata ... data assignments ...
Scalar assignments.
VAR_NAME_DP = 1.234 VAR_NAME_INT = 1234 VAR_NAME_STR = 'FORBIN'Please note the use of a single quote in string assignments.
Vector assignments. Vectors must contain the same type data.
VEC_NAME_DP = ( 1.234 , 45.678 , 901234.5 ) VEC_NAME_INT = ( 1234 , 456 , 789 ) VEC_NAME_STR = ( 'FORBIN', 'FALKEN', 'ROBUR' ) also VEC_NAME_DP = ( 1.234, 45.678, 901234.5 ) VEC_NAME_STR = ( 'FORBIN', 'FALKEN', 'ROBUR' )Time assignments.
TIME_VAL = @31-JAN-2003-12:34:56.798 TIME_VEC = ( @01-DEC-2004, @15-MAR-2004 )The at-sign character '@' indicates a time string. The pool subsystem converts the strings to double precision TDB (a numeric value). Please note, the time strings must not contain embedded blanks. WARNING - a TDB string is not the same as a UTC string.
The above examples depict direct assignments via the '=' operator. The kernel pool also permits incremental assignments via the '+=' operator.
Please refer to the kernels required reading, kernel.req, for additional information.
The lessons may include kernels a program must load to operate. For
this workbook, a user can download all kernels from the NAIF anonymous
ftp site:
ftp://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels FILE NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION ----------------------- ---- ---------------------- naif0007.tls LSK Generic LSK leapseconds.tls LSK The current leapseconds kernel (naif0007.tls as of May 2004) de405s.bsp SPK Planet Ephemeris SPK pck00007.tpc PCK Generic PCK
The code examples listed in this workbook include corresponding
outputs for the described inputs. The output of a given example on a
particular platform may not exactly match that shown since compilers
and math libraries differ between platform architectures.
Lesson Goals:
This lesson demonstrates us of the kernel subsystem to load, unload, and list loaded kernels. Comprehension of kernel file data access precedence. Data loaded last (later) has precedence over similar data loaded first (earlier).
This lesson requires creation of a SPICE meta kernel.
Knowledge of information in the kernels.req document, the mk.ppt and
intro_to_kernels.ppt tutorial files.
Write a program to load a meta kernel, interrogate the SPICE system
for the names and types of all loaded kernels, then demonstrate the
unload functionality and the resulting effects.
You can use two versions of a meta kernel with code examples
(meta.ker) in this lesson. Either a kernel with explicit path
information:
\begindata KERNELS_TO_LOAD = ( 'kernels/spk/de405s.bsp', 'kernels/pck/pck00007.tpc', 'kernels/lsk/leapseconds.tls') \begintext... or a more generic meta kernel using the PATH_VALUES/PATH_SYMBOLS functionality to declare path names as variables:
\begintext Define the paths to the kernel directory. Use the PATH_SYMBOLS as aliases to the paths. \begindata PATH_VALUES = ( 'kernels/lsk', 'kernels/spk', 'kernels/pck' ) PATH_SYMBOLS = ( 'LSK', 'SPK', 'PCK' ) KERNELS_TO_LOAD = ( '$LSK/naif0007.tls', '$SPK/de405s.bsp', '$PCK/pck00007.tpc' ) \begintext
PROGRAM KERNEL IMPLICIT NONE C C Declare the needed variables: C CHARACTER*(32) META CHARACTER*(32) FILE CHARACTER*(32) TYPE CHARACTER*(32) SOURCE INTEGER COUNT INTEGER I INTEGER HANDLE LOGICAL FOUND C C Assign the path name of the meta kernel to META. C META = 'meta.ker' C C Load the meta kernel then use KTOTAL to interrogate the C SPICE kernel subsystem for the total number of loaded kernel C files. KTOTAL accepts as input values: C C SPK --- all SPK files are counted in the total. C CK --- all CK files are counted in the total. C PCK --- all binary PCK files are counted in C the total. C EK --- all EK files are counted in the total. C TEXT --- all text kernels that are not C meta-text kernels are included in the C total. C META --- all meta-text kernels are counted in C the total. C ALL --- every type of kernel is counted in the C total. C C We want the count of all kernels, so use 'ALL'. C CALL FURNSH ( META ) CALL KTOTAL ( 'ALL', COUNT ) WRITE(*,*) 'Kernel count after load: ', COUNT C C Loop over the number of files; interrogate the SPICE system C with KDATA for the kernel names, kernel source, C and the type. 'FOUND' returns a boolean indicating whether C any kernel files of the specified type were loaded by C the kernel subsystem. This example ignores checking 'FOUND' C as kernels are known to be loaded. C DO I=1, COUNT CALL KDATA ( I, 'ALL', FILE, TYPE, SOURCE, HANDLE, . FOUND ) WRITE(*,*) 'File ', FILE WRITE(*,*) 'Type ', TYPE WRITE(*,*) 'Source ', SOURCE WRITE(*,*) ' ' END DO C C Unload one kernel then check the count. C CALL UNLOAD ( 'kernels/spk/de405s.bsp' ) CALL KTOTAL ( 'ALL', COUNT ) C C The subsystem should report one less kernel. C WRITE(*,*) 'Kernel count after one unload: ', COUNT C C Now unload the meta kernel. This action unloads all C files listed in the meta kernel. C CALL UNLOAD ( META ) C C Check the count. SPICE should return a count of zero. C CALL KTOTAL ( 'ALL', COUNT ) WRITE(*,*) 'Kernel count after meta unload: ', COUNT END
First we see the number of all loaded kernels returned from the KTOTAL
call:
Kernel count after load: 4Now the KDATA loop returns the name of each loaded kernel, the type of kernel (SPK, CK, TEXT, etc.) and the source of the kernel - the mechanism that loaded the kernel. The source either identifies a meta kernel, or contains an empty string. An empty source string indicates a direct load of the kernel with a FURNSH call.
File meta.ker Type META Source File kernels/spk/de405s.bsp Type SPK Source meta.ker File kernels/pck/pck00007.tpc Type TEXT Source meta.ker File kernels/lsk/naif0007.tls Type TEXT Source meta.ker Kernel count after one unload: 3 Kernel count after meta unload: 0
Lesson Goals:
The lesson demonstrates the SPICE system's facility to retrieve different types of data (string, numeric, scalar, array) from the kernel pool.
For the code examples, use this generic text kernel (cassini.ker) containing PCK-type data, kernels to load, and example time strings:
\begintext Ring model data. \begindata BODY699_RING1_NAME = 'A Ring' BODY699_RING1 = (122170.0 136780.0 0.1 0.1 0.5) BODY699_RING1_1_NAME = 'Encke Gap' BODY699_RING1_1 = (133405.0 133730.0 0.0 0.0 0.0) BODY699_RING2_NAME = 'Cassini Division' BODY699_RING2 = (117580.0 122170.0 0.0 0.0 0.0) \begintext The kernel pool recognizes values preceded by '@' as time values. When read, the kernel subsystem converts these representations into double precision ephemeris time. Caution: The kernel subsystem interprets the time strings identified by '@' as TDB. The same string passed as input to @STR2ET is processed as UTC. The three expressions stored in the EXAMPLE_TIMES array represent the same epoch. \begindata EXAMPLE_TIMES = ( @APRIL-1-2004-12:34:56.789, @4/1/2004-12:34:56.789, @JD2453097.0242684 ) \begintext Name the kernels to load. Use path symbols. \begindata PATH_VALUES = ('kernels/spk', 'kernels/pck', 'kernels/lsk') PATH_SYMBOLS = ('SPK' , 'PCK' , 'LSK' ) KERNELS_TO_LOAD = ( '$SPK/de405s.bsp', '$PCK/pck00007.tpc', '$LSK/leapseconds.tls') \begintext
Knowledge of the material in the kernels.req document and the
intro_to_kernels.ppt tutorial file.
The main references for pool routines are found in the source file pool.f. Most pool routines exist in pool.f as entry points.
Write a program to retrieve particular string and numeric text kernel
variables, both scalars and arrays. Interrogate the kernel pool for
assigned variable names.
PROGRAM KERVAR IMPLICIT NONE C C Note, the pool routines return a boolean to 'FOUND' C signaling whether the requested variable name exists C in the kernel pool. The code solutions do not check the C boolean value since the solutions use variables known to C exist. In general, code should always check the boolean C value to ensure return of valid data. C C C Define the max number of kernel variables C of concern for this examples. C INTEGER N_ITEMS PARAMETER (N_ITEMS = 20 ) C C Define the maximum length for any string. C INTEGER STRLEN PARAMETER (STRLEN = 80 ) C C As usual, type our variables... C INTEGER I INTEGER J INTEGER DIM INTEGER N_VAR INTEGER N_VAL INTEGER START LOGICAL FOUND DOUBLE PRECISION DVARS (N_ITEMS) CHARACTER* (STRLEN) CVALS (N_ITEMS) CHARACTER* (STRLEN) CVARS (N_ITEMS) CHARACTER* (12) TYPE CHARACTER* (12) TMPLATE C C ...and two SPICELIB routines we use. C INTEGER LASTNB LOGICAL EQSTR C C Load the example kernel containing the kernel variables. C The kernels defined in KERNELS_TO_LOAD load into the C kernel pool with this call. C CALL FURNSH ('cassini.ker' ) C C Initialize the START value. This values indicates C index of the first element to return if a kernel C variable is an array. START = 1 mean return everything. C START = 2 mean return everything but the first element. C START = 1 C C Set the template for the variable names to find. Let's C look for all variables containing the string RING. C Define this with the wildcard template '*RING*'. Note: C the template '*RING' would match any variable name C ending with the RING string. C TMPLATE = '*RING*' C C We're ready to interrogate the kernel pool for C the variables matching the template. GNPOOL tells us: C C 1. Does the kernel pool contain any variables that C match the template (value of FOUND). C 2. If so, how many variables? (value of N_VAL) C 3. The variable names. (CVALS, an array of strings) C CALL GNPOOL ( TMPLATE, START, STRLEN, N_VAL, CVALS, FOUND ) IF ( FOUND ) THEN WRITE(*,*) 'No. variables matching template: ', N_VAL WRITE(*,*) ELSE WRITE(*,*) 'No kernel variables matched template' STOP ENDIF C C Okay, now we know something about the kernel pool C variables of interest to us. Let's find out more... C DO I=1, N_VAL C C Use DTPOOL to return the dimension and TYPE, C C (character) or N (numeric), of each pool C variable name in the CVALS array. C C The SPICE function LASTNB returns the index of C the last non-blank character in the CVALS string. C This is convenient to trim the trailing whitespace C of a string. C CALL DTPOOL ( CVALS(I), FOUND, DIM, TYPE ) WRITE(*,*) CVALS(I)(1:LASTNB(CVALS(I)) ) WRITE(*,*) ' No. items: ', DIM, ' Of type: ', TYPE C C Use the EQSTR routine to test character equality, C 'N' (numeric) or 'C' (character). C IF ( EQSTR( 'N', TYPE ) ) THEN C C If TYPE equals 'N', we found a numeric array. C In this case any numeric array will be an array C of double precision numbers ("doubles"). GDPOOL C retrieves doubles from the kernel pool. DVARS C contains the array of N_VAR values. C CALL GDPOOL ( CVALS(I), START, N_ITEMS, . N_VAR , DVARS, FOUND ) DO J=1 ,N_VAR WRITE(*,*) ' Numeric value: ', DVARS(J) END DO ELSE IF ( EQSTR( 'C', TYPE ) ) THEN C C If TYPE equals 'C', we found a string array. C GCPOOL retrieves string values from the C kernel pool. CVARS contains the array of N_VAR C values. C CALL GCPOOL ( CVALS(I), START, N_ITEMS, . N_VAR, CVARS, FOUND ) DO J=1 ,N_VAR WRITE(*,*) ' String value: ', . CVARS(J)(1:LASTNB(CVARS(J)) ) END DO END IF WRITE(*,*) END DO C C Now look at the time variable EXAMPLE_TIMES. Extract this C value as an array of doubles. C CALL GDPOOL ( 'EXAMPLE_TIMES', START, N_ITEMS, . N_VAR , DVARS, FOUND ) WRITE(*,*) 'EXAMPLE_TIMES' DO J=1 ,N_VAR WRITE(*,*) ' Time value (ET): ', DVARS(J) END DO END
The program runs and first reports the number of kernel pool variables
matching the template, 6.
No. variables matching template: 6The program then loops over the DTPOOL 6 times, reporting the name of each pool variable, the number of data items assigned to that variable, and the variable type. Within the DTPOOL loop, a second loop outputs the contents of the data variable using GCPOOL or GDPOOL.
BODY699_RING1 No. items: 5 Of type: N Numeric value: 122170.00000000 Numeric value: 136780.00000000 Numeric value: 1.0000000000000D-01 Numeric value: 1.0000000000000D-01 Numeric value: 0.50000000000000 BODY699_RING2 No. items: 5 Of type: N Numeric value: 117580.00000000 Numeric value: 122170.00000000 Numeric value: 0. Numeric value: 0. Numeric value: 0. BODY699_RING1_1_NAME No. items: 1 Of type: C String value: Encke Gap BODY699_RING2_NAME No. items: 1 Of type: C String value: Cassini Division BODY699_RING1_NAME No. items: 1 Of type: C String value: A Ring BODY699_RING1_1 No. items: 5 Of type: N Numeric value: 133405.00000000 Numeric value: 133730.00000000 Numeric value: 0. Numeric value: 0. Numeric value: 0.Note the final time value differs from the previous values in the final two decimal places despite the intention that all three strings represent the same time. This results from round-off when converting a decimal Julian day representation to the seconds past J2000 ET representation.
EXAMPLE_TIMES Time value: 134094896.78900 Time value: 134094896.78900 Time value: 134094896.78975
Lesson Goals:
The SPICE system provides functions to convert coordinate tuples between Cartesian and various non Cartesian coordinate systems including conversion between geodetic and rectangular coordinates.
This lesson presents these coordinate transform routines for rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical systems.
Basic knowledge of the standard coordinate systems used in celestial
mechanics. The contents of concepts.ppt and derived_quant.ppt tutorial
files.
Write a program to convert a Cartesian 3-vector representing some
location to the other coordinate representations. Use the position of
the Moon with respect to Earth in an inertial and non-inertial
reference frame as the example vector.
PROGRAM COORD IMPLICIT NONE C C Type the variables. C INTEGER DIM CHARACTER*(32) INRFRM CHARACTER*(32) NONFRM CHARACTER*(32) TIMSTR DOUBLE PRECISION ET DOUBLE PRECISION RANGE DOUBLE PRECISION RA DOUBLE PRECISION DEC DOUBLE PRECISION LAT DOUBLE PRECISION COLAT DOUBLE PRECISION LON DOUBLE PRECISION LTIME DOUBLE PRECISION FLAT DOUBLE PRECISION RAD (3) DOUBLE PRECISION POS (3) C C Declare the SPICELIB function to scale radians to degrees. C DOUBLE PRECISION DPR INRFRM = 'J2000' NONFRM = 'IAU_EARTH' C C Load the needed kernels using a FURNSH call on a C meta kernel. C CALL FURNSH ( 'meta.ker' ) C C Prompt the user for a time string. Convert the C time string to ephemeris time J2000 (ET). C CALL PROMPT ( 'Time of interest: ', TIMSTR ) CALL STR2ET ( TIMSTR, ET ) C C Access the kernel pool data for the triaxial radii of the C Earth. RAD(1) holds the equatorial radius, RAD(2) C the polar radius. C CALL BODVRD ( 'EARTH', 'RADII', 3, DIM, RAD) C C Calculate the flattening factor for the Earth. C C equatorial_radius - polar_radius C flat = ________________________________ C C equatorial_radius C FLAT = (RAD(1) - RAD(3))/RAD(1) C C Make the SPKPOS call to determine the apparent position C of the Moon w.r.t. to the Earth at ET in the inertial frame. C CALL SPKPOS ( 'MOON', ET, INRFRM, 'LT+S','EARTH', . POS , LTIME) C C Show the current frame and time. C WRITE(*,*) 'Time : ', TIMSTR WRITE(*,*) ' Inertial Frame: ', INRFRM C C First, convert the position vector C X = POS(1), Y = POS(2), Z = POS(3), to RA/DEC. C CALL RECRAD ( POS, RANGE, RA, DEC ) WRITE(*,*) ' Range/Ra/Dec' WRITE(*,*) ' Range: ', RANGE WRITE(*,*) ' RA : ', RA * DPR() WRITE(*,*) ' DEC : ', DEC* DPR() C C ...latitudinal coordinates... C CALL RECLAT ( POS, RANGE, LON, LAT ) WRITE(*,*) ' Latitudinal' WRITE(*,*) ' Rad : ', RANGE WRITE(*,*) ' Lon : ', LON * DPR() WRITE(*,*) ' Lat : ', LAT * DPR() C C ...spherical coordinates use the colatitude, C the angle from the Z axis. C CALL RECSPH ( POS, RANGE, COLAT, LON ) WRITE(*,*) ' Spherical' WRITE(*,*) ' Rad : ', RANGE WRITE(*,*) ' Lon : ', LON * DPR() WRITE(*,*) ' Colat: ', COLAT * DPR() C C Make the SPKPOS call to determine the apparent position C of the Moon w.r.t. to the Earth at ET in the non-inertial, C body fixed, frame. C CALL SPKPOS ( 'MOON', ET, NONFRM, 'LT+S','EARTH', . POS, LTIME) WRITE(*,*) WRITE(*,*) ' Non-inertial Frame: ', NONFRM C C ...latitudinal coordinates... C CALL RECLAT ( POS, RANGE, LON, LAT ) WRITE(*,*) ' Latitudinal' WRITE(*,*) ' Rad : ', RANGE WRITE(*,*) ' Lon : ', LON * DPR() WRITE(*,*) ' Lat : ', LAT * DPR() C C ...spherical coordinates... C CALL RECSPH ( POS, RANGE, COLAT, LON ) WRITE(*,*) ' Spherical' WRITE(*,*) ' Rad : ', RANGE WRITE(*,*) ' Lon : ', LON * DPR() WRITE(*,*) ' Colat: ', COLAT * DPR() C C ...finally, convert the position to geodetic C coordinates. C CALL RECGEO ( POS, RAD(1), FLAT, LON, LAT, RANGE ) WRITE(*,*) ' Geodetic' WRITE(*,*) ' Rad : ', RANGE WRITE(*,*) ' Lon : ', LON * DPR() WRITE(*,*) ' Lat : ', LAT * DPR() WRITE(*,*) END
Input a time/date at which to calculate the Moon's position. (the
'TDB' tag indicates a Barycentric Dynamical Time value).
Time of interest: Feb 3 2002 TDBExamine the Moon position in the J2000 inertial frame, display the time and frame:
Time : Feb 3 2002 TDB Inertial Frame: J2000Convert the Moon Cartesian coordinates to right ascension declination.
Range/Ra/Dec Range: 369340.815 RA : 203.643686 DEC : -4.97901037Latitudinal. Note the difference in the expressions for longitude and right ascension though they represent a measure of the same quantity. The RA/DEC system measures RA in the interval [0,2Pi). Latitudinal coordinates measures longitude in the interval (-Pi,Pi].
Latitudinal Rad : 369340.815 Lon : -156.356314 Lat : -4.97901037Spherical. Note the difference between the expression of latitude in the Latitudinal system and the corresponding Spherical colatitude. The spherical coordinate system uses the colatitude, the angle measure away from the positive Z axis. Latitude is the angle between the position vector and the x-y (equatorial) plane with positive angle defined as toward the positive Z direction
Spherical Rad : 369340.815 Lon : -156.356314 Colat: 94.9790104The same position look-up in a body fixed (non-inertial) frame, IAU_EARTH.
Non-inertial Frame: IAU_EARTHLatitudinal coordinates return the geocentric latitude.
Latitudinal Rad : 369340.815 Lon : 70.97395 Lat : -4.98967514Spherical.
Spherical Rad : 369340.815 Lon : 70.97395 Colat: 94.9896751Geodetic. The cartographic lat/lon.
Geodetic Rad : 362962.837 Lon : 70.97395 Lat : -4.99024929
Lesson Goals:
Introduce the routines used for advanced manipulation of time strings. Understand the concept of ephemeris time (ET) as used in SPICE.
Knowledge of the time.req document, the time.ppt, lsk_and_sclk.ppt,
and other_functions.ppt tutorial files.
Also, examine the header of TIMOUT for a list of the string markers used by TIMOUT and TPICTR to describe time string format. Always keep in mind STR2ET assumes 'UTC' unless indicated otherwise.
Demonstrate the advanced functions of the time utilities with regard
to formatting of time strings for output. Formatting options include
altering calendar representations of the time strings. Convert
time-date strings between different SPICE-supported formats.
Caution: Be sure to assign sufficient string lengths for time
formats/pictures.
PROGRAM TIC IMPLICIT NONE C C Declare the needed variables: C CHARACTER*(64) ERROR CHARACTER*(50) PICTR1 CHARACTER*(50) PICTR2 CHARACTER*(50) PICTR3 CHARACTER*(50) TIMSTR CHARACTER*(32) LSK DOUBLE PRECISION ET DOUBLE PRECISION ET1 DOUBLE PRECISION ET2 DOUBLE PRECISION JYEAR LOGICAL OK C C Assign the LSK variable to the name of the leapsecond, C kernel and create an arbitrary time string. C LSK = 'kernels/lsk/leapseconds.tls' TIMSTR = 'Mar 15, 2003 12:34:56.789 AM PST' C C Load the leapseconds kernel. C CALL FURNSH ( LSK ) WRITE(*,*) 'Original time string : ', TIMSTR C C Convert the time string to the number of ephemeris C seconds past the J2000 epoch. This is the most common C internal time representation used by the SPICE C system; SPICE refers to this as ephemeris time (ET). C CALL STR2ET ( TIMSTR, ET ) WRITE(*,*) 'Corresponding ET : ', ET C C Make a picture of an output format. Describe a Unix-like C time string then send the picture and the ET value through C TIMOUT to format and convert the ET representation of C the time string into the form described by PICTR1. The C '::UTC-7' token indicates the time zone for the TIMSTR C output - PDT. 'PDT' is part of the output, but not a time C system token. C PICTR1 = 'Wkd Mon DD HR:MN:SC PDT YYYY ::UTC-7' CALL TIMOUT ( ET, PICTR1, TIMSTR ) WRITE(*,*) 'Time in string format 1 : ', TIMSTR C C Create another picture. This time combine a calendar, C 2 digit year, with a Julian Day format. C PICTR2 = 'Wkd Mon DD HR:MN ::UTC-7 YR (JULIAND.##### JDUTC)' CALL TIMOUT ( ET, PICTR2, TIMSTR ) WRITE(*,*) 'Time in string format 2 : ', TIMSTR C C Why create a picture by hand when SPICE can do it for you? C Input a string to TPICTR with the format of interest. C 'OK' returns a boolean indicating whether an error C occurred while parsing the picture string, if so, C an error diagnostic message returns in 'ERROR'. In this C example, no need exists to check the error flag since C the picture string is known as correct. C CALL TPICTR ( '12:34:56.789 P.M. PDT January 1, 2006', . PICTR3, OK, ERROR ) CALL TIMOUT ( ET, PICTR3, TIMSTR ) WRITE(*,*) 'Time in string format 3 : ', TIMSTR C C Two digit year representations often cause problems due to C the ambiguity of the century. The routine TSETYR gives the C user the ability to set a default range for 2 digit year C representation. SPICE uses 1969AD as the default start C year so the numbers inclusive of 69 to 99 represent C years 1969AD to 1999AD, the numbers inclusive of 00 to 68 C represent years 2000AD to 2068AD. C C Define a time string with a two-digit year. Since C the SPICE base year is 1969, the time subsystem interprets C the string as 1979. C TIMSTR = 'Mar 15, 79 12:34:56' CALL STR2ET ( TIMSTR, ET1 ) C C Setting 1980 as the base year causes SPICE to interpret the C year values 80 to 99 as 1980AD to 1999AD; the year values C 00 to 79 as 2000AD to 2079AD. C CALL TSETYR ( 1980 ) CALL STR2ET ( TIMSTR, ET2 ) C C Calculate the number of years between the two ET C representations, ~100. C WRITE(*,*) 'Years between evaluations: ',(ET2 - ET1)/JYEAR() END
Original time string : Mar 15, 2003 12:34:56.789 AM PST Corresponding ET : 100989361. Time in string format 1 : Sat Mar 15 01:34:56 PDT 2003 Time in string format 2 : Sat Mar 15 01:34 03(2452713.85760 JDUTC) Time in string format 3 : 01:34:56.789 A.M. PDT March 15, 2003 Years between evaluations: 100.
Lesson Goal:
This lesson introduces the basics of the error subsystem and its various the response modes: DEFAULT, RETURN, ABORT, RETURN, IGNORE, the error output modes: SHORT, LONG, EXPLAIN TRACEBACK, DEFAULT, ALL, NONE, and the error traceback message.
Knowledge of material in the error.req document and the exceptions.ppt
tutorial file. Comprehension of the catch/throw concept.
Show the behavior of the various error modes by writing a program to
signal an error, check for an error signal, set the long and short
error strings, set error behavior (DEFAULT, RETURN, ABORT, RETURN).
PROGRAM ERRSYS IMPLICIT NONE C C Define needed variables. C CHARACTER*(32) ERRCON LOGICAL DOLOOP LOGICAL FAILED DOLOOP = .TRUE. C C Check into the error subsystem to create a traceback C showing the call tree. A CHKOUT must balance every C CHKIN. C CALL CHKIN( 'ERRSYSF' ) C C Before we start, what's the initial (default) C error state? ERRACT both sets the state and C reports the state. C CALL ERRACT ( 'GET', ERRCON ) WRITE(*,*) 'Default error state: ', ERRCON C C Now start an input loop so we can try different C settings for error modes. C DO WHILE ( DOLOOP ) C C Again use ERRACT to retrieve the current error mode. C CALL ERRACT ( 'GET', ERRCON ) WRITE(*,*) 'Current error state: ', ERRCON C C Okay, input one of the response settings strings C then set the error subsystem mode to that value. C CALL PROMPT ( 'Set error condition (DEFAULT, REPORT, ' . // 'ABORT, RETURN, IGNORE) :', ERRCON ) CALL ERRACT ( 'SET', ERRCON ) C C Cause an error signal. C CALL DOERR C C Check for an error signal via a call to FAILED. C At this point we see an important difference C between the error mode's responses to an error C signal. C IF ( .NOT. FAILED() ) THEN WRITE(*,*) 'No error signal noted.' ELSE WRITE(*,*) 'Error signal noted.' END IF END DO C C Check out of the error subsystem tho' we'll C never hit this call. C CALL CHKOUT ( 'ERRSYSF' ) STOP END C C This subroutine initiates a SPICE error signal. C SUBROUTINE DOERR C C Check into the error subsystem as before. C CALL CHKIN( 'DOERR' ) C C Let's signal an error. The string passed by SETMSG C is the long error message. You may place markers in the C long message string then later substitute other data C items for those markers. C CALL SETMSG ( 'A truly horrendous event occurred ' . // 'during execution of this program. ' . // 'Data added to long error message string: ' . // 'A double #, an int #, and a string #.' ) C C Now substitute other data into the long message string. C Note the substitutions work on the first found marker. C CALL ERRDP ( '#', 186282.397D0 ) CALL ERRINT( '#', 666 ) CALL ERRCH ( '#', 'A STRING' ) C C SIGERR causes the error signal with the string passed C from SETMSG. Set the error flag in the SPICE error C subsystem and execute the proper error response. C CALL SIGERR ( 'OOPS(SOMETHINGBAD)' ) CALL CHKOUT( 'DOERR' ) RETURN END
o- Demo the DEFAULT mode:
Default error state: DEFAULT Current error state: DEFAULTThe subsystem is in error state DEFAULT. Let the subsystem run to the error signal in DEFAULT mode:
Set error condition (DEFAULT,REPORT,ABORT,RETURN,IGNORE):defaultWhat subsystem reaction occurs in this state?
=================================================================== Toolkit version: N0057 OOPS(SOMETHINGBAD) -- A truly horrendous event occurred during execution of this program. Data added to long error message string: A double 1.8628239700000E+05, an int 666, and a string A STRING. A traceback follows. The name of the highest level module is first. ERRSYSF --> DOERR Oh, by the way: The SPICELIB error handling actions are USER-TAILORABLE. You can choose whether the Toolkit aborts or continues when errors occur, which error messages to output, and where to send the output. Please read the ERROR "Required Reading" file, or see the routines ERRACT, ERRDEV, and ERRPRT. ===================================================================Notice we see no error signal status line. The program quit when it signaled an error. The program output the error messages, an additional information blurb ("Oh by the way"), the Toolkit version, and the traceback list.
o- Rerun the program in REPORT mode:
Default error state: DEFAULT Current error state: DEFAULT Set error condition (DEFAULT,REPORT,ABORT,RETURN,IGNORE) :reportHow does the REPORT reaction differ from DEFAULT? A demo to illustrate...
=================================================================== Toolkit version: N0057 OOPS(SOMETHINGBAD) -- A truly horrendous event occurred during execution of this program. Data added to long error message string: A double 1.8628239700000E+05, an int 666, and a string A STRING. A traceback follows. The name of the highest level module is first. ERRSYSF --> DOERR =================================================================== Error signal noted. Current error state: REPORT Set error condition (DEFAULT, REPORT, ABORT, RETURN, IGNORE) :The error output ceases after the traceback then returns into the calling routine. Note the error signal marker indicates detection of the signal. The subsystem in REPORT mode does not print the information blurb. The SPICE system can continue to run after an error signal with the error state set to REPORT - this mode flags an error then allows the program to continue the run. It may happen that the cause of the error condition causes instability in the SPICE system.
o- Rerun to test ABORT mode:
Default error state: DEFAULT Current error state: DEFAULT Set error condition (DEFAULT,REPORT,ABORT,RETURN,IGNORE) :abortHow does the subsystem respond in ABORT mode?
=================================================================== Toolkit version: N0057 OOPS(SOMETHINGBAD) -- A truly horrendous event occurred during execution of this program. Data added to long error message string: A double 1.8628239700000E+05, an int 666, and a string A STRING. A traceback follows. The name of the highest level module is first. ERRSYSF --> DOERR ===================================================================ABORT responds quite like DEFAULT except the error output does not include the information blurb shown in the DEFAULT output. All execution stops when the error signals.
o- Run the program to demo the RETURN mode:
Default error state: DEFAULT Current error state: DEFAULT Set error condition (DEFAULT,REPORT,ABORT,RETURN,IGNORE) :returnRETURN mode provides the highest measure of flexibility to deal with error signals. On output:
=================================================================== Toolkit version: N0057 OOPS(SOMETHINGBAD) -- A truly horrendous event occurred during execution of this program. Data added to long error message string: A double 1.8628239700000E+05, an int 666, and a string A STRING. A traceback follows. The name of the highest level module is first. ERRSYSF --> DOERR =================================================================== Error signal noted. Current error state: RETURNThe subroutine signals an error then returns similar to REPORT mode. However, this mode includes another property. If we make another pass through the command loop:
Set error condition (DEFAULT, REPORT, ABORT, RETURN, IGNORE):return Error signal noted. Current error state: RETURNWe see no error output. The main property of the RETURN mode is to allow program execution to continue but immediately return from all SPICE routines that check the state of the RETURN function. This mode restricts program flow after an error signal.
o- And the final mode to test, IGNORE:
Default error state: DEFAULT Current error state: DEFAULT Set error condition (DEFAULT,REPORT,ABORT,RETURN,IGNORE) :ignore No error signal noted. Current error state: IGNORE Set error condition (DEFAULT,REPORT,ABORT,RETURN,IGNORE) :No error output, no error signal. IGNORE mode prevents expression of all error subsystem functions; the subsystem does not set RETURN or FAILED. While using IGNORE mode the user cannot identify an error signal. Carefully consider program requirements before any use of IGNORE mode.
Write an interactive program to return a state vector based on a
user's input. Code the program with the capability to recover from
user input mistakes, inform the user of the mistake, then continue to
run.
PROGRAM ADERR IMPLICIT NONE C C Declare our variables. C CHARACTER*( 32 ) TARG LOGICAL DOLOOP LOGICAL EQSTR LOGICAL FAILED DOUBLE PRECISION STATE(6) DOUBLE PRECISION LTIME C C First important action. The DEFAULT error setting C in the SPICE system displays an error message when C an error signals then quits the program. We want the C error message, but no 'quit.' C C The RETURN mode signals an error then returns to the C caller. Just what we need. REPORT mode performs almost C the same function as RETURN, however RETURN mode C sets the RETURN() value to TRUE and so the program does C not execute those SPICE routines that check the RETURN() C value. Consider REPORT mode useful for debugging. C CALL ERRACT( 'SET', 'RETURN' ) C C Load the data we need for state evaluation. C CALL FURNSH( 'meta.ker' ) C C Set a flag to start/stop and continue the C inquiry loop. C DOLOOP = .TRUE. C C Start our input query loop to the user. C DO WHILE ( DOLOOP ) C C For simplicity, we request only one input. C The program calculates the state vector from C Earth to the user specified target (TARG) in the C J2000 frame, at ephemeris time zero, using C aberration correction LT+S (light time plus C stellar aberration). C CALL PROMPT ( 'Target: ', TARG ) IF ( EQSTR( TARG, 'NONE' ) ) THEN C C An exit condition. If the user inputs NONE C for a target name, set the loop to stop... C DOLOOP = .FALSE. ELSE C C ...otherwise evaluate the state between the Earth C and the target. C CALL SPKEZR ( TARG, 0.D0, 'J2000', 'LT+S', 'EARTH', . STATE, LTIME ) C C What if the program can't perform the evaluation? C Since we set the error subsystem to RETURN we know C a failed SPKEZR call sets the FAILED flag to C TRUE then returns control to the calling routine. C The SPICE system also outputs an error message C informing the user of the problem's cause. C C Examine the state of FAILED() to determine if we C output a state vector or not. C IF ( .NOT. FAILED() ) THEN WRITE(*,*) 'R : ', STATE(1), STATE(2), STATE(3) WRITE(*,*) 'V : ', STATE(4), STATE(5), STATE(6) WRITE(*,*) 'LT: ', LTIME ELSE C C Problem. The FAILED() routine returned a TRUE. C Reset the error subsystem for another pass. C CALL RESET() END IF END IF END DO END
Now run the code with various inputs to observe behavior. Begin the
run using known astronomical bodies. Recall the SPICE default units
are kilometers, kilometers per second, kilograms, and seconds. The 'R'
marker identifies the (X,Y,Z) position of the body in kilometers, the
'V' marker identifies the velocity of the body in kilometers per
second, and the 'LT' marker identifies the one-way light time between
the bodies at the requested evaluation time.
Target: Moon R : -291584.617 -266693.402 -76095.6476 V : 0.643527473 -0.666082437 -0.3013231 LT: 1.34231061 Target: Mars R : 234536077. -132584384. -63102685.7 V : 30.9597591 28.9364647 13.1144902 LT: 923.00108 Target: Pluto barycenter R : -1.45130474E+09 -4.31817414E+09 -918251434. V : 35.0383793 3.06559507 -0.0151397628 LT: 15501.2583 Target: Puck =================================================================== Toolkit version: N0057 SPICE(SPKINSUFFDATA) -- Insufficient ephemeris data has been loaded to compute the state of 715 (PUCK) relative to 0 (SOLAR SYSTEM BARYCENTER) at the ephemeris epoch 2000 JAN 01 12:00:00.000. A traceback follows. The name of the highest level module is first. SPKEZR --> SPKEZ --> SPKAPP --> SPKSSB --> SPKGEO ===================================================================Perplexing. What happened?
The kernel files named in meta.ker did not include ephemeris data for Puck. When the SPK subsystem tried to evaluate Puck's position, the evaluation failed due to lack of data, so an error signaled.
The above error signifies an absence of state information at ephemeris time 2000 JAN 01 12:00:00.000 (the requested time, ephemeris time zero). Since the program set the error mode to RETURN, program execution continues.
Try another look-up.
Target: Casper =================================================================== Toolkit version: N0057 SPICE(IDCODENOTFOUND) -- The target, 'Casper', is not a recognized name for an ephemeris object. The cause of this problem may be that you need an updated version of the SPICE Toolkit. Alternatively you may call SPKEZ directly if you know the SPICE ID codes for both 'Casper' and 'EARTH' A traceback follows. The name of the highest level module is first. SPKEZR ===================================================================An easy to understand error. The SPICE system does not contain information on a body named 'Casper.'
Another look-up, this time, something easy.
Target: Venus R : -80970027.5 -139655773. -53860126. V : 31.1696929 -27.0001826 -12.3162193 LT: 567.655074The look-up succeeded despite two errors in our run. The SPICE system can respond to error conditions (not system errors) in much the same fashion as languages with catch/throw instructions.
Lesson Goal:
This lesson introduces the concepts of the SPICE data types 'cell' and 'window. A 'cell' is as the basis for set calculations in SPICE. A 'window' permits a user to manipulate continuous intervals of the real line. A 'window' is nothing more than an ordered, double precision cell that contains zero or more intervals
An interval being an ordered pair of numbers,
[ a(i), b(i) ]where
a(i) < b(i) -The intervals within a window are both ordered and disjoint. That is, the beginning of each interval is greater than the end of the previous interval
b(i) < a(i+1)A common use of a window is to calculate when the time intervals covering known events, eclipses, occultation, right ascension within a certain value, etc intersect.
Knowledge of cells.req, sets.req, and windows.req documents, as well
as the other_functions.ppt tutorial file.
Given the times of line-of-sight for a vehicle from a ground station
and the times for an acceptable Sun-station-vehicle phase angle, write
a program to determine the time intervals common to both
configurations.
PROGRAM WIN IMPLICIT NONE C C Define our variable types. C INTEGER LBCELL PARAMETER (LBCELL = -5 ) INTEGER MAXSIZ PARAMETER (MAXSIZ = 8 ) INTEGER I INTEGER SMALL INTEGER LARGE CHARACTER * 32 LOS ( MAXSIZ ) CHARACTER * 32 PHASE ( MAXSIZ ) CHARACTER * 26 UTCSTR( 2 ) C C Define the cells to use as windows. C The windows can hold 8 data values i.e. C four intervals. C DOUBLE PRECISION LOSWIN(LBCELL:MAXSIZ) DOUBLE PRECISION PHSWIN(LBCELL:MAXSIZ) DOUBLE PRECISION SCHED (LBCELL:MAXSIZ) DOUBLE PRECISION LEFT DOUBLE PRECISION RIGHT DOUBLE PRECISION MEAS DOUBLE PRECISION AVG DOUBLE PRECISION STDDEV C C SPICELIB functions associated with windows. C INTEGER CARDD INTEGER SIZED C C Define sets of time intervals. For the purposes of this C tutorial program, define time intervals representing C an unobscured line of sight between a ground station C and some body. C DATA LOS / 'Jan 1, 2003 22:15:02', 'Jan 2, 2003 4:43:29' , . 'Jan 4, 2003 9:55:30' , 'Jan 4, 2003 11:26:52', . 'Jan 5, 2003 11:09:17', 'Jan 5, 2003 13:00:41', . 'Jan 6, 2003 00:08:13', 'Jan 6, 2003 2:18:01' . / C C A second set of intervals representing the times for which C an acceptable phase angle exits between the ground station, C the body and the Sun. C DATA PHASE / 'Jan 2, 2003 00:03:30', 'Jan 2, 2003 19:00:00', . 'Jan 3, 2003 8:00:00' , 'Jan 3, 2003 9:50:00' , . 'Jan 5, 2003 12:00:00', 'Jan 5, 2003 12:45:00', . 'Jan 6, 2003 00:30:00', 'Jan 6, 2003 23:00:00' . / C C Load our meta kernel for the leapseconds data. C CALL FURNSH ( 'meta.ker' ) C C Windows consist of double precision values, convert the C time tags defined in the LOS and PHASE arrays to C double precision ET. Store the double values in the C LOSWIN and PHSWIN arrays. Null out SCHED before attempting C to validate - this removes any garbage values. C DO I = 1, 8 CALL STR2ET( LOS(I) , LOSWIN(I) ) CALL STR2ET( PHASE(I), PHSWIN(I) ) SCHED(I) = 0.d0 END DO C C Validate the windows from the double precision cells. C Since we use 4 intervals, the set the window to accept 8 C data values ( 4 * 2 = 8 ). Since we require no more than C 8 data values, assign a window size of 8. C CALL WNVALD ( 8, 8, LOSWIN ) CALL WNVALD ( 8, 8, PHSWIN ) CALL WNVALD ( 8, 8, SCHED ) C C The issue for consideration, at what times do line of C sight events coincide with acceptable phase angles? C Perform the set operation AND on LOSWIN, PHSWIN, C place the results in the window SCHED. C CALL WNINTD( LOSWIN, PHSWIN, SCHED ) CALL TOSTDO ( ' ' ) WRITE(*,*) 'No. data values in SCHED : ', . CARDD(SCHED) WRITE(*,*) 'Space available for values in SCHED : ', . SIZED(SCHED) C C Output the results. The number of intervals in SCHED C is half the number of data points (the cardinality). C Use a call to CARDD to retrieve the window's cardinality. C CALL TOSTDO ( ' ' ) CALL TOSTDO ( 'Time intervals meeting defined criterion.') DO I = 1, CARDD( SCHED )/2 C C Extract from the derived SCHED the values defining the C time intervals, [LEFT, RIGHT]. C CALL WNFETD ( SCHED, I, LEFT, RIGHT ) C C Convert the ET values to UTC for human comprehension. C CALL ET2UTC ( LEFT , 'C', 3, UTCSTR(1) ) CALL ET2UTC ( RIGHT, 'C', 3, UTCSTR(2) ) C C Output the UTC string and the corresponding index C for the interval. C WRITE(*,*) I, ' ', UTCSTR(1), ' ',UTCSTR(2) END DO C C Summarize the SCHED window. C CALL TOSTDO ( ' ' ) CALL TOSTDO ( 'Summary of SCHED window' ) CALL WNSUMD ( SCHED, MEAS, AVG, STDDEV, SMALL, LARGE ) WRITE(*,*) 'o Total measure of SCHED : ', MEAS WRITE(*,*) 'o Average measure of SCHED : ', AVG WRITE(*,*) 'o Standard deviation of ' WRITE(*,*) ' the measures in SCHED : ', STDDEV C C The values for SMALL and LARGE refer to the indexes of the C values in the array (SCHED). The shortest interval C is [ SCHED(SMALL), SCHED(SMALL+1)]; the longest is C [ SCHED(LARGE), SCHED(LARGE+1)]. Output the indexes for C the shortest and longest intervals. C C WRITE(*,*) 'o Index of shortest interval: ', (SMALL+1)/2 WRITE(*,*) 'o Index of longest interval : ', (LARGE+1)/2 END
The output window has the name SCHED (schedule).
Output the amount of data held in SCHED compared to the maximum possible amount.
No. data values in SCHED : 6 Space available for values in SCHED : 8List the time intervals for which a line of sight exists during the time of a proper phase angle.
Time intervals meeting defined criterion. 1 2003 JAN 02 00:03:30.000 2003 JAN 02 04:43:29.000 2 2003 JAN 05 12:00:00.000 2003 JAN 05 12:45:00.000 3 2003 JAN 06 00:30:00.000 2003 JAN 06 02:18:01.000Finally, an analysis of the SCHED data. The measure of an interval [a,b] (a <= b) equals b-a. Real values output in units of seconds.
Summary of SCHED window o Total measure of SCHED : 25980. o Average measure of SCHED : 8660. o Standard deviation of the measures in SCHED : 5958.55022 o Index of shortest interval: 2 o Index of longest interval : 1
Lesson Goals:
SPICE provides several routines to perform commonly needed tasks. Among these include calls to convert values between unit expressions, determine the equality of strings, and indicate whether a file exists.
SPICE also includes a set of functions that return constant values often used in astrodynamics, time calculations, and geometry.
The references used to define or calculate the constants functions are
found in the source code file and/or the API reference. Also reference
the other_functions.ppt tutorial file.
Write an interactive program to convert values between various units.
Demonstrate the flexibility of the unit conversion routine, the string
equality function, and show the version ID function.
PROGRAM UNITS IMPLICIT NONE C C Define the few variables C needed for data input and output. C CHARACTER* (32) FUNITS CHARACTER* (32) TUNITS DOUBLE PRECISION FVALUE DOUBLE PRECISION TVALUE C C Define the TKVRSN return value. C CHARACTER*(12) VERS C C Display the Toolkit version string with a C TKVRSN call. C CALL TKVRSN( 'TOOLKIT', VERS ) WRITE(*,*) WRITE(*,*) 'Convert demo program compiled against ' . // 'SPICE Toolkit ', VERS WRITE(*,*) C C The user first inputs the name of a unit of measure. C Send the name through TOSTAN for de-aliasing. C CALL PROMPT ( 'From Units : ', FUNITS ) CALL TOSTAN ( FUNITS ) C C Input a double precision value to express in a new C unit format. C WRITE(*,'(A13$)') 'From Value : ' READ (*,*) FVALUE C C Now the user inputs the name of the output units. C Again we send the units name through TOSTAN for C de-aliasing. C CALL PROMPT ( 'To Units : ', TUNITS ) CALL TOSTAN ( TUNITS ) C C Call CONVRT to perform the conversion. CONVRT C signals an error if: C 1. Either unit is unknown. C 2. The input and output units are not in the same C class (length, angular measure, or time). C CALL CONVRT ( FVALUE, FUNITS, TUNITS, TVALUE ) C C Output the results. C WRITE(*,*) TVALUE, ' ' , TUNITS STOP END C C As a convenience, let's alias a few common terms C to their appropriate counterpart. Use EQSTR to C compare strings. The comparison ignores letter C case and trailing/leading spaces. C SUBROUTINE TOSTAN ( ALIAS ) IMPLICIT NONE LOGICAL EQSTR CHARACTER*(*) ALIAS C C Start de-aliasing. Check the input string C against a set of defined (allowed) aliases. C IF ( EQSTR( ALIAS, 'meter' ) ) THEN C C First, a 'meter' by any other name is a C 'METER' and smells as sweet ... C ALIAS = 'METERS' ELSE IF ( EQSTR( ALIAS, 'clicks' ) .OR. . EQSTR( ALIAS, 'KILOMETERS' ) .OR. . EQSTR( ALIAS, 'KILOMETER' ) ) THEN C C ... 'clicks', 'KILOMETERS' and C 'KILOMETER' identifies 'KM'.... C ALIAS = 'KM' ELSE IF ( EQSTR( ALIAS, 'secs' ) )THEN C C ... 'secs' to 'SECONDS'. C ALIAS = 'SECONDS' ELSE IF ( EQSTR( ALIAS, 'miles' ) )THEN C C ... and finally 'miles' to 'STATUTE_MILES'. C Normal people think in statute miles. Only C sailors think in nautical miles - one C minute of arc at the equator. C ALIAS = 'STATUTE_MILES' END IF C C Much better, so return. If the input matched C none of the aliases, this routine did nothing. C RETURN END
Run a few conversions through the application to ensure it works. The
intro banner gives us the Toolkit version against which the
application was linked:
Convert demo program compiled against SPICE Toolkit N0057 >From Units : clicks >From Value : 3 To Units : miles 1.8641135767120 STATUTE_MILESNow we know. Three kilometers equals 1.864 miles.
Pheidippides ran 26.2 miles from the Marathon Plain to Athens. How far in kilometers?
>From Units : miles >From Value : 26.2 To Units : km 42.164812800000 km
Write a program to output SPICE constants and use those constants to
calculate some rudimentary values.
PROGRAM CONST IMPLICIT NONE C C As required in FORTRAN define the (return) type for C the functions. All the functions have the same calling C sequence: C C VALUE = function_name() C CALL some_procedure( function_name() ) C WRITE(*,*) function_name() C DOUBLE PRECISION CLIGHT DOUBLE PRECISION DPR DOUBLE PRECISION RPD DOUBLE PRECISION SPD DOUBLE PRECISION J2000 DOUBLE PRECISION HALFPI DOUBLE PRECISION J2100 DOUBLE PRECISION TYEAR C C First a simple example using the seconds per day C constant... C WRITE(*,*) 'Number of (S)econds (P)er (D)ay : ', . SPD() C C ...then show the value of degrees per radian, 180/Pi... C WRITE(*,*) 'Number of (D)egrees (P)er (R)adian : ', . DPR() C C ...and the inverse, radians per degree, Pi/180. C It is obvious DPR() equals 1.D/RPD(), or more simply C DPR() * RPD() equals 1 C WRITE(*,*) 'Number of (R)adians (P)er (D)egree : ', . RPD() C C What's the value for the astrophysicist's favorite C physical constant (in a vacuum)? C WRITE(*,*) 'Speed of light in KM per second : ', . CLIGHT() C C How long (in Julian days) from the J2000 epoch to the C J2100 epoch? C WRITE(*,*) 'Number of days between epochs J2000' WRITE(*,*) ' and J2100 : ', . J2100() - J2000() C C Redo the calculation returning seconds... C WRITE(*,*) 'Number of seconds between epochs' WRITE(*,*) ' J2000 and J2100 : ', . SPD() * (J2100() - J2000() ) C C ...then tropical years. C WRITE(*,*) 'Number of tropical years between' WRITE(*,*) ' epochs J2000 and J2100 : ', . ( SPD() / TYEAR() ) * (J2100() - J2000() ) C C Finally, how can I convert a radian value to degrees. C WRITE(*,*) 'Number of degrees in Pi/2 radians of arc: ', . HALFPI() * DPR() C C and degrees to radians. C WRITE(*,*) 'Number of radians in 250 degrees of arc : ', . 250.D0 * RPD() END
Number of (S)econds (P)er (D)ay : 86400.000000000 Number of (D)egrees (P)er (R)adian : 57.295779513082 Number of (R)adians (P)er (D)egree : 1.7453292519943D-02 Speed of light in KM per second : 299792.45800000 Number of days between epochs J2000 and J2100 : 36525.000000000 Number of seconds between epochs J2000 and J2100 : 3155760000.0000 Number of tropical years between epochs J2000 and J2100 : 100.002135902909 Number of degrees in Pi/2 radians of arc: 90.000000000000 Number of radians in 250 degrees of arc : 4.3633231299858